Description_x000D_ Application_x000D_ 13-cis-Retinoic acid has been used:_x000D_ • as a component of fresh media for LA-N-5 differentiation_x000D_ • to treat medulloblastoma cells for cell differentiation_x000D_ • to treat spheroids for generating time-lapse videos_x000D_ • to examine its head- deforming activity under light and dark conditions in Xenopus laevis_x000D_ Packaging_x000D_ 100, 250, 500 mg in ampule_x000D_ Biochem/physiol Actions_x000D_ 13-cis-Retinoic acid (RA) has anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor action. The action of RA is mediated through RAR-β and RAR-α receptors. RA attenuates iNOS expression and activity in cytokine-stimulated murine mesangial cells. It induces mitochondrial membrane permeability transition, observed as swelling and as a decrease in membrane potential, and stimulates the release of cytochrome c implicating mechanisms through the apoptosis pathway. These activities are reversed by EGTA and cyclosporin A. RA also increases MMP-1 protein expression partially via increased transcription._x000D_ Features and Benefits_x000D_ This compound is a featured product for Gene Regulation research. Click here to discover more featured Gene Regulation products. Learn more about bioactive small molecules for other areas of research at sigma.com/discover-bsm._x000D_ This compound is also offered as part of Sigma′s Library of Pharmacologically Active Compounds (LOPAC®1280), a biologically annotated collection of high-quality, ready-to-screen compounds. Click here to learn more._x000D_ Other Notes_x000D_ Tandem Mass Spectrometry data independently generated by Scripps Center for Metabolomics is available to view or download in PDF. R3255.pdf Tested metabolites are featured on Scripps Center for Metabolomics METLIN Metabolite Database. To learn more, visit sigma.com/metlin._x000D_ Legal Information_x000D_ LOPAC is a registered trademark of Sigma-Aldrich Co. LLC