Description_x000D_ General description_x000D_ Monoclonal Anti-Phospho-PAK1 (pThr212) (mouse IgG1 isotype) is derived from the PK-18 hybridoma produced by the fusion of mouse myeloma cells and splenocytes from BALB/c mice immunized with a synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids of human PAK1,1 conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH). PAK1 (p21-activated kinase 1) is homologous to Sacharomyces cerevisiae kinase Ste20. PAK1 (68 kDa),with a C-terminal serine/threonine kinase domain and a N-terminal CRIB (Cdc42/Rac interactive binding) domain. Thr212 localized in flexible region is of PAK1 domain._x000D_ p21-activated kinases are a family of highly conserved serine/threonine protein kinases that are activated by small GTPases of Cdc42 and Rac families. There are 2 groups of PAKs in mammals, group A and B. The group A members are three isoforms, PAK1, PAK2, and PAK3 (also known as α-PAK, γ-PAK, and β-PAK, respectively). PAKs are actively involved in regulation of MAPK pathways by phosphorylation of Raf-1 and MEK-1. They also regulate cytoskeletal reorganization by interaction with GTPases. Autophosphorylation of threonine 423 (threonine 402 for PAK2 and threonine 421 for PAK3), catalyzed by Cdc42, is required for activation of PAK. In the neurons, the reorganization of cytoskeleton during the neurite outgrowth is modulated by phosphorylation of PAK1 at Thr212 that regulates a specific signalling pathway_x000D_ Monoclonal Anti-Phospho-PAK1 (pThr212) reacts specifically with human PAK1 phosphorylated at Thr212 (68 kDa), and does not detect the unphosphorylated epitope._x000D_ Immunogen_x000D_ synthetic peptide corresponding to amino acids 203-217 (pThr212) of human PAK1._x000D_ Application_x000D_ Anti-phospho-PAK1 (pThr212) antibody, Mouse monoclonal has been used in:_x000D_ • enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)_x000D_ • immunoblotting_x000D_ • immunohistochemistry_x000D_ Anti-phospho-PAK1 (pThr212) may be used for immunoblotting at a working concentration of 0.2-0.4 μg/mL. The antibody is also suitable for indirect ELISA, immunocytochemistry and protein microarray._x000D_ Physical form_x000D_ Solution in 0.01 M phosphate buffered saline, pH 7.4, containing 15 mM sodium azide._x000D_ Disclaimer_x000D_ Unless otherwise stated in our catalog or other company documentation accompanying the product(s), our products are intended for research use only and are not to be used for any other purpose, which includes but is not limited to, unauthorized commercial uses, in vitro diagnostic uses, ex vivo or in vivo therapeutic uses or any type of consumption or application to humans or animals._x000D_ Biochem/physiol Actions_x000D_ p21-activated kinase 1 (PAK1) also regulates cytoskeletal dynamics by decreasing MLCK (myosin light chain kinase) activity and MLC phosphorylation. PAK1 is reported to be a crucial signaling molecule, involved in the transcription factor nuclear factor κB (NFκB) activation by multiple stimuli. PAK1 regulates cell morphology and polarity in eukaryotic cells and activates downstream targets like JNK (c-Jun N-terminal protein kinase) and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK).. The phosphorylation of actin by PAK1 at thr212 helps in regulating growth cone dynamics.