Description_x000D_ General description_x000D_ Tumor necrosis factor- α(TNF-α), also known as cachectin, is an inflammatory cytokine that exists primarily as a 51kDa complex built up of 3 identical, non-covalently-linked polypeptide subunits (17 kDa, 157 amino acid residues, in human). TNF- αoccurs as a secreted, soluble form and as a membrane-anchored form, both of which are biologically active. TNF-α is secreted by neutrophils, activated lymphocytes, macrophages, NK cells, LAK cells, astrocytes, endothelial cells, smooth muscle cells, and some transformed cells._x000D_ Specificity_x000D_ The antibody binds to TNF-α. It does not cross-react with recombinant human TNF-β, IL-1a, IL-1β or IL-3, nor with recombinant mouse or human IL-6._x000D_ Immunogen_x000D_ recombinant human TNF-α produced in bacteria._x000D_ Application_x000D_ Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α antibody may be used for dot blot at a working antibody dilution of 1:2000. The antibody may be used for neutralization assay; the ND50 is 1-3 μg/ml. Anti-TNF-α antibody was used for neutralization of TNF-α of Jurkat cells._x000D_ Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α antibody produced in rabbit has been used in western blotting. It may also be used in enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA)._x000D_ Disclaimer_x000D_ Unless otherwise stated in our catalog or other company documentation accompanying the product(s), our products are intended for research use only and are not to be used for any other purpose, which includes but is not limited to, unauthorized commercial uses, in vitro diagnostic uses, ex vivo or in vivo therapeutic uses or any type of consumption or application to humans or animals._x000D_ Biochem/physiol Actions_x000D_ Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) is a cytokine produced by macrophages in response to stimulus by LPS. It plays a major role in mediating inflammation, tissue injury, pathogenic shock, innate immunity, apoptosis and autoimmunity. The physiological effects of TNF-α are mediated by receptors of TNFR super family. The TNF/TNFR signaling axis plays a critical role in mediating either survival or apoptosis depending on the class of adaptor proteins recruited in the cell. Association of receptors with a death domain causes rapid activation of caspases and results in cell death. TNF/TNFR also results in the activation of downstream pathways involving MAPK, p38, JNK and NF-κB that play a major role in innate immunity, acute inflammatory responses and homeostasis. The TNF/TNFR axis is also important in the pathology of various autoimmune and inflammatory disorders including a variety of malignancies and Alzheimer′s disease.