Description_x000D_ Amino Acid Sequence_x000D_ Glp-Gln-Asp-Tyr(SO3H)-Thr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2_x000D_ Application_x000D_ Caerulein has been used to induce pancreatitis in Sprague-Dawley rats, mice and other experimental animals._x000D_ Biochem/physiol Actions_x000D_ Caerulein is a gastro regulatory molecule with actions similar to cholecystokinin. It possesses a tyrosine sulfate residue and induces smooth muscle contraction. It has gastrin-like activity. Caerulein is used to study cell signaling mediated by NF-κB upregulation of proteins such as intercellular adhesion molecule-1(ICAM-1) and inflammation related molecules, such as NADPH oxidase and Janus kinase signal transducer. Caerulein also regulates thermoregulation, sedation and satiety._x000D_ Effects on perception of pain are conflicting. It prevents gall bladder pain, renal colic, and the pain of intermittent claudication; however, in general, it is seen as an antagonist of endogenous opioids.