Description General description Handling of large quantities of GO powder is not recommended since graphene oxide powder is thermally unstable. Graphene oxide paste can make storage and transportation of large quantities in a safe manner. Graphene oxide solutions of desired concentration or graphene oxide paper or sheet can be made from graphene oxide paste. Sonication is required to obtain single layers of graphene oxide. To make a concentrated aqueous dispersion that will not settle under gravity: add 25 mL water/1 g paste, stir overnight for 16 h, sonicate for 30 minutes in a mild bath sonicator. Centrifuge at 3500 rpm for 10 minutes to remove any large unexfoliated particles and decant the supernate to give ∼2 mg/mL graphene oxide in water. The above concentrate can be diluted and sonicated further to get single layer graphene oxide. Application • Composites. • Inks and coatings. • Transparent conductive films. • Supercapacitors. • Batteries. • Graphene oxide sheets at interfaces.