Description_x000D_ Biochem/physiol Actions_x000D_ GSK2850163 is a highly selective inhibitor of inositol requiring enzyme-1 alpha (IRE1α) with dual activity: it inhibits IRE1α kinase activity with an IC50 value of 20 nM and RNase activity with an IC50 value of 200 nM. IRE1α is a dual serine/threonine-protein kinase/endoribonuclease with two enzymatic domains: a trans-autophosphorylation domain and and endoribonuclease (RNase) domain. When activated, usually in response to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress such as the unfolded protein response (UPR), IRE1α oligomerizes and activates mRNA splicing of adaptive XBP1 transcription factor, which upregulates ER chaperones and ER associated degradation (ERAD) genes that promote degradation of ER unfolded proteins and facilitate recovery from ER stress. However, if ER stress is too high or chronic, IRE1α is hyperactivated, increasing many ER mRNAs, resulting in apoptosis. GSK2850163 interacts with IRE1α catalytic residues Lys599 and Glu612, displacing the kinase activation loop to the inactive DFG-out conformation. The rearrangement of the kinase domain-dimer interface also results in the RNAse domains rotating away from each other, inhibiting the RNase activity._x000D_ IRE1α-selective inhibitor of XBP1 splicing._x000D_ Homoharringtonine is a cephalotaxine ester that is also known as (HHT; 4-methyl (2R)-2-hydroxy-2-(4-hydroxy-4-methylpentyl)butanedioate). In gefitinib-resistant lung cancer cells, homoharringtonine promotes apoptosis and prevents signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT3) through IL-6 (interleukin-6) /JAK1 (janus kinase 1)/STAT3 signal pathway. It plays an important role in the treatment of malaria.