Description_x000D_ Application_x000D_ Lipopolysaccharides from Escherichia coli 0127:B8 has been used:_x000D_ • to study the LPS-induced macrophage survival in mice_x000D_ • to elicit the secretion of cytokines by cattle PBMC_x000D_ • to study apoptosis of highly susceptible macrophage cells in a LPS-induced proinflammatory environment_x000D_ • to perform autophagy assay in BV2 and BV2-LC3 cells_x000D_ • for stimulation of human monocytes, macrophages and mouse microglia cells_x000D_ • to induce pentraxin-3 expression in 293T cells_x000D_ Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are characteristic components of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS and its lipid A moiety stimulate cells of the innate immune system by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a member of the Toll-like receptor protein family, which recognizes common pathogen-associated molecular-patterns (PAMPs)._x000D_ Biochem/physiol Actions_x000D_ Lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) are characteristic components of the cell wall of Gram-negative bacteria. LPS and its lipid A moiety stimulate cells of the innate immune system by the Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Being an immunogenic antigen, it enhances immune responses to soluble antigens._x000D_ Reconstitution_x000D_ Lipopolysaccharides are supplied as lyophilized, γ-irradiated powders. To reconstitute, add 1 ml sterile balanced salt solution or tissue culture medium to the vial (1 mg) and gently swirl until the powder dissolves. Reconstituted product may be further diluted to desired working concentrations using sterile balanced salt solution or tissue culture medium.