Description_x000D_ General description_x000D_ PMA (Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate) is an activator of protein kinase C (PKC) and a known tumor promoting agent. PMA also exhibits clastogenic (chromosome-breaking) activity._x000D_ Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) can induce the activity of PLD1 (phospholipase D1) but not PLD2 (phospholipase D2)._x000D_ Through the protein kinase C (PKC) signaling pathway, PMA is a tumor promoter associated with:_x000D_ • gene transcription_x000D_ • cell growth_x000D_ • cell differentiation_x000D_ • programmed cell death_x000D_ • immune pathway_x000D_ • receptor desensitization_x000D_ Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate is used to study:_x000D_ • growth factors_x000D_ • hormones_x000D_ • cytokines-mediated regulation of cellular growth and differentiation_x000D_ Application_x000D_ PMA has been used:_x000D_ • for the detection of intracellular cytokines_x000D_ • in CellROX oxidative stress assay_x000D_ • for Huh7 cell stimulation to investigate dipeptidyl peptidase 9 (DPP9) re-distribution_x000D_ • as a positive control in B-cell receptor (BCR) stimulation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) cells_x000D_ • in the differentiation of monocytes (THP -1) into macrophages_x000D_ Suitable for_x000D_ • molecular biology studies as standard_x000D_ • analytical studies of tumor promoters_x000D_ • promotion of cell growth_x000D_ Biochem/physiol Actions_x000D_ Potent tumor promoter; activates protein kinase C (PKC) in vivo and in vitro._x000D_ Potent tumor promoter; activates protein kinase C in vivo and in vitro._x000D_ Features and Benefits_x000D_ • Stimulation of interleukin 2 production of Jurkat cells_x000D_ • T-cell stimulation_x000D_ • Protein kinase C (PKC) activator_x000D_ • NF-κB Activator_x000D_ • Promotion of cell growth_x000D_ • Used in analytical studies of tumor promoters_x000D_ • Molecular Biology grade_x000D_ Caution_x000D_ Photosensitive, protect from light._x000D_ Analysis Note_x000D_ • Stimulation of interleukin 2 production of Jurkat cells_x000D_ • T-cell stimulation_x000D_ • Protein kinase C (PKC) activator_x000D_ • NF-κB Activator_x000D_ • Promotion of cell growth_x000D_ • Used in analytical studies of tumor promoters_x000D_ • Molecular Biology grade